Fuel oil compositions with improved cold flow properties

ABSTRACT

The use is described of polymers which contain, in copolymerized form, an α-olefin, a vinyl ester and an ester of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid as an additive for fuel oils and lubricants and in particular as a cold flow improver in fuel oils. En addition, the fuel oils and lubricants additized with these polymers; and also additive packages comprising such polymers are described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 12/493,104, filed Jun.26, 2009 (now abandoned) which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No.10/581,042, filed Dec. 19, 2006 (now abandoned), which was anational-stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCT/EP04/13781, filed Dec.3, 2004; and claims prority to Germany 103 56 595.7, filed Dec. 4, 2003.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to the use of polymers which contain, incopolymerized form, an α-olefin, a vinyl ester and an ester of anα,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid as an additive for fuel oils andlubricants and in particular as a cold flow improver in fuels; to thefuel oils and lubricants additized with these polymers; and to additivepackages comprising such polymers.

2. Description of the Related Art

On temperature reduction, mineral oils comprising paraffinic waxes, suchas middle distillates, diesel and heating oils, exhibit a distinctdeterioration in the flow properties. The cause of this is thecrystallization occurring from the cloud point temperature of relativelylong-chain paraffins which form large, platelet-shaped wax crystals.These wax crystals have a spongelike structure and lead to inclusion ofother fuel constituents in the crystal structure. The occurrence ofthese crystals leads rapidly to clogging of fuel filters both in tanksand in motor vehicles. At temperatures below the pour point (PP) thefuel eventually does not flow at all.

To alleviate these problems, fuel additives, which frequently consist ofcombinations of nucleators for early formation of very small crystals ofthe paraffins with the actual cold flow improvers (also known as CFI orMDFI), have already been added in small concentrations for some time.These in turn exhibit similar crystallization properties to theparaffins of the fuel, but prevent their growth, so that it is possiblefor it to pass through the filter at distinctly lower temperaturescompared to the unadditized fuel. The cold filter plugging point (CFPP)is determined as a measure thereof. Further additives which can be usedare wax antisettling additives (WASA), which prevent the settling of thevery small crystals in the fuel.

Depending on the composition of the base fuel and of the additive, coldflow improvers are added in amounts of from about 50 to 500 ppm. Theprior art discloses various CFI products (cf., for example, U.S. Pat.Nos. 3,038,479, 3,627,838 and 3,961,961, EP-A-0,261,957 or DE-A-31 41507 and 25 15 805). Common CFIs are usually polymeric compounds, inparticular ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers, for example theproducts sold by BASF AG under the tradename Keroflux.

Combinations of conventional CFIs with lubricity improvers (esters ofmono- or polycarboxylic acids with mono- or polyalcohols) are alsodescribed as improved CFI combinations (EP-A-0 721 492).

EP 0922716 describes a process for preparing terpolymers which, inaddition to ethylene, contain, in copolymerized form, at least twofurther ethylenically unsaturated compounds such as vinyl esters,acrylic or methacrylic esters, alkyl vinyl ethers or higher olefins.These are said to be suitable as flow point improvers of mineral oildistillates.

DE 1902925 describes terpolymers which contain, in copolymerized form,ethylene, vinyl esters of short-chain carboxylic acids, such as vinylacetate, and long-chain unsaturated monoesters, such as vinyl esters oflong-chain carboxylic acids, or acrylic esters which derive fromlong-chain alcohols. These are said to lower the pour point of middledistillates and improve their filterability.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,156,434 describes terpolymers which, in addition toethylene and vinyl acetate, contain, in copolymerized form, an acrylicester which derives from C₁₂-C₂₄-alcohols. These are said to lower thepour point of gas oils. No filterability-improving action is described.

There is a continuing need for further additives having CFI properties,especially those which are less expensive to use, for example becausethey improve the cold flow properties of fuel oils or lubricants andespecially the filterability of fuel oils in lower dosage thancommercial CFIs.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide novelsuch additives.

Surprisingly, this object is achieved by the unexpected observation thatpolymers which contain, in copolymerized form, an α-olefin, a vinylester and an ester of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid can be used asCFI additives and also have better performance than conventionalEVA-CFIs.

The invention accordingly relates firstly to the use of a polymer whichcontains, in copolymerized form, an α-olefin, a vinyl ester and an esterof an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid as an additive for fuel oils andlubricants. In particular, the polymers used are those which contain thevinyl ester and the ester of the α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acidcopolymerized in random distribution. The polymer is preferably aterpolymer which is composed substantially of the three aforementionedmonomers.

Preference is given to using polymers which are composed of monomersincluding the monomers M1, M2 and M3, where M1, M2 and M3 have thefollowing general formulae:

whereR¹ is H or C₁—C₄₀-hydrocarbyl, for example C₁—C₂₀—, in particularC₁—C₁₀—, preferably C₁—C₄—hydrocarbyl;R², R³ and R⁴ are each independently H or C₁—C₄-alkyl;R⁵ is C₁—C₂₀-hydrocarbyl;R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently H or C₁—C₁-alkyl; andR⁹ is C₁—C₂₀-hydrocarbyl.

The monomers M1, M2 and M3 may be present in the polymers used inaccordance with the invention in the following molar proportions(Mx/(M1+M2+M3) in the polymer:

M1: from 0.60 to 0.98, preferably from 0.7 to 0.95, in particular from0.8 to 0.9;M2: from 0.01 to 0.20, preferably from 0.015 to 0.17, in particular from0.02 to 0.16;M3: from 0.01 to 0.20, preferably from 0.02 to 0.15, in particular from0.03 to 0.1, especially from 0.03 to 0.09.

R¹ is preferably H, methyl or ethyl and in particular H; in other words,the monomer M1 is preferably ethylene, propene or 1-butene and inparticular ethylene.

In the monomer M2, the R², R³ and R⁴ radicals are preferably each H ormethyl. More preferably, two of the R², R³ and R⁴ radicals are each Hand the other radical is H or methyl. In particular, all three R², R³and R⁴ radicals are H.

R⁵ is preferably C₁—C₁₂-hydrocarbyl, particularly preferablyC₁—C₁₀-hydrocarbyl, more preferably C₁₋₉-hydrocarbyl and even morepreferably C₄-C₈-hydrocarbyl. Hydrocarbyl is preferably alkyl. Inparticular, R⁵ is n-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl or lauryl, of which even greaterpreference is given to n-butyl and 2-ethylhexyl and especially2-ethylhexyl.

The monomer M2 is preferably selected from n-butyl acrylate,2-ethylhexyl acrylate and lauryl acrylate and more preferably fromn-butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. In particular, it is2-ethylhexyl acrylate.

In the monomer M3, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently preferably H ormethyl and more preferably H.

R⁹ is preferably C₁—C₁₀-hydrocarbyl. Hydrocarbyl is preferably alkyl. R⁹is more preferably ethyl or methyl and in particular methyl.

The monomer M3 is more preferably vinyl acetate.

The polymers used in accordance with the invention are preferablyobtainable by, preferably free-radical, polymerization, especiallyhigh-pressure polymerization, of the monomers M1, M2 and M3.

Polymers used with preference are selected from ethylene/n-butylacrylate/vinyl acetate polymers, ethylene/2-ethylhexyl acrylate/vinylacetate polymers and ethylene/lauryl acrylate/vinyl acetate polymers,and particular preference is given to the two first-mentioned polymers.In particular, ethylene/2-ethylhexyl acrylate/vinyl acetate polymers areused.

Preference is given to using the polymers as cold flow improvers.

The above-described polymers are used alone or in combination with othersuch polymers in amounts which are sufficient to exhibit action as acold flow improver in the additized fuel or lubricant.

The invention further provides fuel oil compositions comprising a majorproportion by weight of a middle distillate fuel boiling in the range ofabout 120-500° C. and a minor proportion by weight of at least onepolymer used in accordance with the invention (cold flow improver) asdefined above.

Such fuel oil compositions may also include, as a fuel component,biodiesel (from animal and/or vegetable production) in proportions of0-100% by weight, preferably of from 0 to 30% by weight.

Preferred fuel oil compositions are selected from diesel fuels, keroseneand heating oil, and the diesel fuel may be obtainable by refining, coalgasification or gas liquefaction, or may be a mixture of such productsand may optionally be mixed with renewable fuels. Preference is given tothose fuel oil compositions in which the sulfur content of the mixtureis preferably at most 500 ppm.

The invention further provides lubricant compositions comprising a majorproportion by weight of a conventional lubricant and a minor proportionby weight of at least one polymer as defined above.

In the context of the present invention, the polymers used in accordancewith the invention may be used in combination with further conventionalcold flow improvers and/or further lubricants and fuel oil additives.

The invention finally also relates to additive packages comprising atleast one polymer used in accordance with the invention as defined abovein combination with at least one further conventional lubricant and fueloil additive.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

a) Polymers Used in Accordance with the Invention

The polymers used in accordance with the invention are preferablycomposed substantially of the above-defined monomers M1, M2 and M3. As aresult of the preparation, small traces of a compound used as aregulator (chain terminator) may in some cases be present.

When no other information is given, the following general definitionsapply:

C₁-C₄₀-Hydrocarbyl is in particular C₁-C₄₀-alkyl such as methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl,hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl,tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl,nonadecyl, eicosyl, hencosyl, docosyl, tricosyl, tetracosyl, pentacosyl,hexacosyl, heptacosyl, octacosyl, nonacosyl, squalyl and the higherhomologs and the corresponding positional isomers. The same applies toC₁-C₂₀-hydrocarbyl radicals. C₁-C₉-Hydrocarbyl is in particularC₁-C₉-alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl,octyl, neooctyl, 2-ethylhexyl, nonyl and neononyl. C₁-C₁₀-Hydrocarbyl isadditionally in particular also decyl and neodecyl. C₄-C₈-Hydrocarbyl isin particular C₄-C₈-alkyl such as n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl,tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl and 2-ethylhexyl.

Examples of suitable monomers M1 include: monoalkenes having nonterminalor preferably terminal double bond, in particular ethylene, propylene,1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene and1-decene, and also the higher monounsaturated homologs having up to 40carbon atoms.

Examples of preferred α,β-unsaturated carboxylic esters M2 include:acrylic esters of C₁-C₂₀-alkanols, such as methyl acrylate, ethylacrylate, propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate,isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, neopentylacrylate, hexyl acrylate, heptyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, neooctylacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, neononyl acrylate,decyl acrylate, neodecyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, palmityl acrylateand stearyl acrylate; also the corresponding methacrylic, crotonic andisocrotonic esters, of which the acrylates (acrylic esters) arepreferred.

Examples of suitable monomers M3 include:

vinyl C₁-C₂₀-carboxylates, especially the vinyl esters of acetic acid,propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, pivalicacid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid,neononanoic acid, neodecanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristicacid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and arachic acid; also thecorresponding propenyl esters. However, preference is given to the vinylesters.

The inventive polymers also have a number-average molecular weight M_(n)in the range from about 1000 to 20 000, more preferably from 1000 to 10000, in particular from 1500 to 6000 and especially from 1500 to 5000.

The polymers may also have a weight-average molecular weight M_(w) offrom 1000 to 30000, in particular from 2000 to 20 000, and/or anM_(W)/M_(n) ratio of from 1.5 to 5.0, preferably from 1.8 to 4.0 and inparticular from 1.9 to 3.5.

Particularly preferred polymers are composed of the monomers ethylene,vinyl acetate and an acrylic ester monomer which is selected fromn-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and lauryl acrylate andpreferably from n-butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. Inparticular, the acrylic ester monomer is 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.

Based on a polymer composed of ethylene, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) andvinyl acetate (VAC), the proportion by weight of the monomers is:

EHA: 4-80% by weight, preferably from 5 to 62% by weight, in particularfrom about 7 to 45% by weight

VAC: 1-42% by weight, preferably from 1 to 30% by weight, in particularfrom about 1 to 25% by weight, especially from 1 to 20% by weight

The viscosity of such polymers (determined to Ubbelohde DIN 51562) isfrom about 5 to 25 000 mm²/s, preferably from about 10 to 1000 mm²/s, inparticular from about 50 to 700 mm²/s, in each case at a temperature ofabout 120° C.

b) Preparation of the Polymers

The inventive polymers are prepared by processes known per se,preferably by the processes known from the prior art (cf., for example,Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th Edition, “Waxes”,Vol. A 28, p. 146 ff., VCH, Weinheim, Basle, Cambridge, New York, Tokyo,1996; also U.S. Pat. No. 3,627,838; DE-A 2515805; DE-A 3141507; EP-A0007590) for direct, free-radical, high-pressure copolymerization ofunsaturated compounds.

The copolymers are preferably prepared in stirred high-pressureautoclaves or in high-pressure stirred reactors or combinations of thetwo. In this apparatus, the length/diameter ratio remains predominantlywithin ranges of from 5:1 to 30:1, preferably 10:1 to 20:1.

Suitable pressure conditions for the polymerization are from 1000 to3000 bar, preferably from 1500 to 2000 bar. The reaction temperaturesare, for example, in the range from 160 to 320° C., preferably in therange from 200 to 280° C.

The regulator used for controlling the molecular weight of thecopolymers is, for example, an aliphatic aldehyde or an aliphatic ketoneof the general formula I

or mixtures thereof.

In the formula, the R^(a) and R^(b) radicals are the same or differentand are selected from

-   -   hydrogen;    -   C₁-C₆-alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl,        n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl,        sec-pentyl, neopentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, isoamyl, n-hexyl,        isohexyl, sec-hexyl; more preferably C₁-C₄-alkyl, such as        methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl        and tert-butyl;    -   C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,        cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl,        cycloundecyl and cyclododecyl; preference is given to        cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.

The R^(a) and R^(b) radicals may also be covalently bonded to oneanother to form a 4- to 13-membered ring. For example, R^(a) and R^(b)together may form the following alkylene groups: —(CH₂)₄—, —(CH₂)₅—,—(CH₂)₆—, —(CH₂)₇—, —CH(CH₃)—CH₂—CH₂—CH(CH₃)— or—CH(CH₃)—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH(CH₃)—.

Very particular preference is given to the use of propionaldehyde orethyl methyl ketone as a regulator.

Further very suitable regulators are unbranched aliphatic hydrocarbons,for example propane, or branched aliphatic hydrocarbons having tertiaryhydrogen atoms, for example isobutane, isopentane, isooctane orisododecane (2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane). Further additionalregulators which can be used are higher olefins, for example propylene.

Preference is likewise given to mixtures of the above regulators withhydrogen or hydrogen alone.

The amount of regulator used corresponds to the amounts customary forthe high-pressure polymerization process.

Useful initiators for the free-radical polymerization are the customaryfree-radical initiators, for example organic peroxides, oxygen or azocompounds. Also suitable are mixtures of a plurality of free-radicalinitiators. Useful free-radical initiators include, for example, one ormore peroxides selected from the following commercially obtainablesubstances:

-   -   didecanoyl peroxide,        2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)hexane, tert-amyl        peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, dibenzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl        peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, tert-butyl peroxydiethyl acetate,        tert-butyl peroxydiethyl isobutyrate,        1,4-di(tert-butylperoxycarbo)cyclohexane as an isomer mixture,        tert-butyl perisononanoate,        1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclo-hexane,        1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, methyl isobutyl ketone        peroxide, tert-butyl peroxyisopropyl carbonate,        2,2-di-tert-butylperoxy)butane or tert-butyl peroxyacetate;    -   tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, di-tert-amyl peroxide, dicumyl        peroxide, the

isomeric di(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzenes,2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butylperoxyhexane, tert-butyl cumyl peroxide,2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hex-3-yne, di-tert-butyl peroxide,1,3-diisopropyl monohydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide or tert-butylhydroperoxide; or

-   -   dimeric or trimeric ketone peroxides, as disclosed, for example,        by EP-A-0 813 550.

Particularly suitable peroxides are di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butylperoxypivalate, tert-butyl peroxyisononanoate or dibenzoyl peroxide ormixtures thereof. An example of an azo compound isazobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The free-radical initiators are used inamounts customary for polymerizations.

In a preferred method, the inventive polymers are prepared in such a waythat a mixture of the monomers M1, M2 and M3 is passed in the presenceof the regulator at a temperature within the range from about 20 to 50°C., for example of 30° C., preferably continuously, through a stirredautoclave which is maintained at a pressure in the range from about 1500to 2000 bar, for example of about 1700 bar. The preferably continuousaddition of initiator which is generally dissolved in a suitablesolvent, for example isododecane, keeps the temperature in the reactorat the desired reaction temperature, for example at from 200 to 250° C.The polymer obtained after the decompression of the reaction mixture isthen isolated in a customary manner.

Modifications to this method are of course possible and can beundertaken by those skilled in the art without unreasonable effort. Forexample, the comonomers and the regulator can be separately metered intothe reaction mixture, or the reaction temperature can be varied duringthe process, to name only a few examples.

c) Fuel Oil Compositions

According to the invention, fuel oil compositions are preferably fuels.Suitable fuels are gasoline fuels and middle distillates, such as dieselfuels, heating oil or kerosene, and particular preference is given todiesel fuel and heating oil.

The heating oils are, for example, low-sulfur or high-sulfur crude oilraffinates or bituminous or brown coal distillates which typically havea boiling range of from 150 to 400° C. The heating oils are preferablylow-sulfur heating oils, for example those having a sulfur content of atmost 0.1% by weight, preferably of at most 0.05% by weight, morepreferably of at most 0.005% by weight and in particular of at most0.001% by weight. Examples of heating oil are in particular heating oilfor domestic oil-fired central heating or EL heating oil. The qualityrequirements for such heating oils are laid down, for example, in DIN51-603-1 (see also Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5thEdition, Vol. A12, p. 617 ff., which is explicitly incorporated hereinby way of reference).

The diesel fuels are, for example, crude oil raffinates which typicallyhave a boiling range of from 100 to 400° C. These are usuallydistillates having a 95% point of up to 360° C. or even higher. However,they may also be “ultra low sulfur diesel” or “City diesel”,characterized by a maximum 95% point of, for example, 345° C. and amaximum sulfur content of 0.005% by weight, or by a 95% point of, forexample, 285° C. and a maximum sulfur content of 0.001% by weight. Alsosuitable in addition to the diesel fuels obtainable by refining arethose obtainable by coal gasification or gas liquefaction (gas-to-liquid(GTL) fuels). Also suitable are renewable fuels, such as biodiesel orbioethanol, mixtures thereof or mixtures of the renewable fuels with theaforementioned diesel fuels.

Particular preference is given to using the inventive additive foradditizing diesel fuels having a low sulfur content, i.e. having asulfur content of less than 0.05% by weight, preferably of less than0.02% by weight, in particular of less than 0.005% by weight andespecially of less than 0.001% by weight, of sulfur, or for additizingheating oil having a low sulfur content, for example having a sulfurcontent of at most 0.1% by weight, preferably of at most 0.05% byweight, for example at most 0.005% by weight or, for example, at most0.001% by weight.

Preference is given to using the additive according to the invention ina proportion, based on the total amount of the fuel oil composition,which in itself has an essentially adequate influence on the cold flowproperties of the fuel oil compositions. Particular preference is givento using the additive in an amount of from 0.001 to 1% by weight, morepreferably from 0.01 to 0.15% by weight, in particular from 0.01 to 0.1%by weight, based on the total amount of the fuel oil composition.

d) Coadditives

The inventive polymers can be added to the fuel oil compositionsindividually or as a mixture of such polymers and optionally incombination with other additives known per se.

Suitable additives which can be present in fuel oils according to theinvention in addition to the inventive polymer, especially for dieselfuels and heating oils, include detergents, corrosion inhibitors,dehazers, demulsifiers, antifoams, antioxidants, metal deactivators,multifunctional stabilizers, cetane number improvers, combustionimprovers, dyes, markers, solubilizers, antistats, lubricity improvers,and also further additives which improve the cold flow properties of thefuel, such as nucleators, further conventional flow improvers (MDFIs),paraffin dispersants (WASAs) and the combination of the last twoadditives mentioned (WAFIs) (see also Ullmann's Encyclopedia ofIndustrial Chemistry, 5th Edition, Vol. A16, p. 719 ff; or the patentson cold flow improvers cited at the outset).

Further conventional cold flow improvers are in particular:

(a) copolymers of ethylene with at least one further ethylenicallyunsaturated monomer which are different from the polymers used inaccordance with the invention;

(b) comb polymers;

(c) polyoxyalkylenes;

(d) polar nitrogen compounds;

(e) sulfo carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids or their derivatives; and

(t) poly(meth)acrylic esters.

In the copolymers of ethylene with at least one further ethylenicallyunsaturated monomer (a), the monomer is preferably selected fromalkenylcarboxylic esters, (meth)acrylic esters and olefins.

Suitable olefins are, for example, those having from 3 to 10 carbonatoms and having from 1 to 3, preferably having 1 or 2, in particularhaving one, carbon-carbon double bond. In the latter case, thecarbon-carbon double bond may either be terminal (α-olefins) orinternal. However, preference is given to α-olefins, particularpreference to α-olefins having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, such aspropene, 1-butene, 1-pentene and 1-hexene.

Suitable (meth)acrylic esters are, for example, esters of (meth)acrylicacid with C₁-C₁₀-alkanols, in particular with methanol, ethanol,propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol,pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanol anddecanol.

Suitable alkenylcarboxylic esters are, for example, the vinyl andpropenyl esters of carboxylic acids having from 2 to 20 carbon atomswhose hydrocarbon radical may be linear or branched. Among these,preference is given to the vinyl esters. Among the carboxylic acidshaving branched hydrocarbon radicals, preference is given to those whosebranch is disposed in the α-position to the carboxyl group, andparticular preference is given to the α-carbon atom being tertiary, i.e.the carboxylic acid being a neocarboxylic acid. However, preference isgiven to the hydrocarbon radical of the carboxylic acid being linear.

Examples of suitable alkenylcarboxylic esters are vinyl acetate, vinylpropionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, vinyl neopentanoate,vinyl hexanoate, vinyl neononanoate, vinyl neodecanoate and thecorresponding propenyl esters, although preference is given to the vinylesters. A particularly preferred alkenylcarboxylic ester is vinylacetate.

Particular preference is given to the ethylenically unsaturated monomerbeing selected from alkenylcarboxylic esters.

Also suitable are copolymers which contain two or more differentcopolymerized alkenylcarboxylic esters which differ in the alkenylfunction and/or in the carboxylic acid group. Likewise suitable arecopolymers which, in addition to the alkenylcarboxylic ester(s), containat least one copolymerized olefin and/or at least one copolymerized(meth)acrylic ester.

The ethylenically unsaturated monomer is copolymerized in the copolymerin an amount of preferably from 1 to 50 mol %, more preferably from 10to 50 mol % and in particular from 5 to 20 mol %, based on the overallcopolymer.

The copolymer (a) preferably has a number-average molecular weight M_(n)of from 1 000 to 20 000, more preferably from 1000 to 10 000 and inparticular from 1000 to 6000.

Comb polymers (b) are, for example, those described in “Comb-LikePolymers, Structure and Properties”, N. A. Platé and V. P. Shibaev, J.Poly. Sci. Macromolecular Revs. 8, pages 117 to 253 (1974). Among thosedescribed there, suitable comb polymers are, for example, those of theformula II:

where

D is R¹⁷, COOR¹⁷, OCOR¹⁷, R¹⁸, OCOR¹⁸ or OR¹⁷, E is H, CH₃, D or R¹⁸, Gis H or D,

J is H, R¹⁸, R¹⁸COOR¹⁷, aryl or heterocyclyl,

K is H, COOR¹⁸, OCOR¹⁸, OR¹⁸ or COOH,

L is H, R¹⁸, COOR¹⁸, OCOR¹⁸, COOH or aryl,where

R¹⁷ is a hydrocarbon radical having at least 10 carbon atoms, preferablyhaving from 10 to 30 carbon atoms,

R¹⁸ is a hydrocarbon radical having at least one carbon atom, preferablyhaving from 1 to 30 carbon atoms,

m is a molar fraction in the range from 1.0 to 0.4 and

n is a molar fraction in the range from 0 to 0.6.

Preferred comb polymers are, for example, obtainable by copolymerizationof maleic anhydride or fumaric acid with another ethylenicallyunsaturated monomer, for example with an α-olefin or an unsaturatedester, such as vinyl acetate, and subsequent esterification of theanhydride or acid function with an alcohol having at least 10 carbonatoms. Further preferred comb polymers are copolymers of α-olefins andesterified comonomers, for example esterified copolymers of styrene andmaleic anhydride or esterified copolymers of styrene and fumaric acid.Also suitable are mixtures of comb polymers. Comb polymers may also bepolyfumarates or polymaleates. Homo- and copolymers of vinyl ethers arealso suitable comb polymers.

Suitable polyoxyalkylenes (c) are, for example, polyoxyalkylene esters,ethers, ester/ethers and mixtures thereof. The polyoxyalkylene compoundspreferably contain at least one, more preferably at least two, linearalkyl groups(s) having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms and a polyoxyalkylenegroup having a molecular weight of up to 5000. The alkyl group of thepolyoxyalkylene radical preferably contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.Such polyoxyalkylene compounds are described, for example, in EP-A-0 061895 and also in U.S. Pat. No. 4,491,455, which are fully incorporatedherein by way of reference. Preferred polyoxyalkylene esters, ethers andester/ethers have the general formula III:

R¹⁹[O—(CH₂)_(y)]_(x)O—R²⁰

whereR¹⁹ and R²⁰ are each independently R²¹, R²¹—CO—, R²¹—O—CO(CH₂)_(z— or R)²¹—O—CO(CH₂)_(z)—CO— where R²¹ is linear C₁-C₃₀-alkyl,y is a number from 1 to 4,x is a number from 2 to 200, andz is a number from 1 to 4.

Preferred polyoxyalkylene compounds of the formula III in which both R¹⁹and R²⁰ are R²¹ are polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycolshaving a number-average molecular weight of from 100 to 5000. Preferredpolyoxyalkylenes of the formula III in which one of the R¹⁹ radicals isR²¹ and the other is R²¹—CO— are polyoxyalkylene esters of fatty acidshaving from 10 to 30 carbon atoms, such as stearic acid or behenic acid.Preferred polyoxyalkylene compounds in which both R¹⁹ and R²⁰ are anR²¹—CO— radical are diesters of fatty acids having from 10 to 30 carbonatoms, preferably of stearic acid or behenic acid.

The polar nitrogen compounds (d) which are advantageously oil-solublemay be either ionic or nonionic and preferably have at least one, morepreferably at least 2, substituent(s) of the formula >NR²² where R²² isa C₈-C₄₀-hydrocarbon radical. The nitrogen substituents may also bequaternized, i.e. be in cationic form. An example of such nitrogencompounds is that of ammonium salts and/or amides which are obtainableby the reaction of at least one amine substituted with at least onehydrocarbon radical with a carboxylic acid having from 1 to 4 carboxylgroups or with a suitable derivative thereof. The amines preferablycontain at least one linear C₈-C₄₀-alkyl radical. Suitable primaryamines are, for example, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine,undecylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine and the higher linearhomologs. Suitable secondary amines are, for example, dioctadecylamineand methylbehenylamine. Also suitable are amine mixtures, in particularamine mixtures obtainable on the industrial scale, such as fatty aminesor hydrogenated tallamines, as described, for example, in Ullmann'sEncyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th Edition, 2000 electronicrelease, “Amines, aliphatic” chapter. Acids suitable for the reactionare, for example, cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid,cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid,naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid,terephthalic acid and succinic acids substituted with long-chainhydrocarbon radicals.

A further example of polar nitrogen compounds is that of ring systemswhich bear at least two substituents of the formula-A-NR²³R²⁴ where A isa linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group which is optionallyinterrupted by one or more groups selected from O, S, NR³⁵ and CO, andR²³ and R²⁴ are each a C₉-C₄₀-hydrocarbon radical which is optionallyinterrupted by one or more groups selected from O, S, NR³⁵ and CO,and/or substituted by one or more substituents selected from OH, SH andNR³⁵R³⁶ where R³⁵ is C₁-C₄₀-alkyl which is optionally substituted by oneor more moieties selected from CO, NR³⁵, O and S, and/or substituted byone or more radicals selected from NR³⁷R³⁸, OR³⁷, SR³⁷, COR³⁷, COOR³⁷,CONR³⁷R³⁸, aryl or heterocyclyl, where R³⁷ and R³⁸ are eachindependently selected from H or C₁-C₄-alkyl; and R³⁶ is H or R³⁵.

A is preferably a methylene or polymethylene group having from 2 to 20methylene units. Examples of suitable R²³ and R²⁴ radicals are2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 2-ketopropyl,ethoxyethyl and propoxypropyl. The cyclic system may be homocyclic,heterocyclic, fused polycyclic or nonfused polycyclic systems. The ringsystem is preferably carbo- or heteroaromatic, in particularcarboaromatic. Examples of such polycyclic ring systems are fusedbenzoid structures such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene andpyrene, fused nonbenzoid structures such as azulene, indene, hydrindeneand fluorene, nonfused polycycles such as diphenyl, heterocycles such asquinoline, indole, dihydroindole, benzofuran, coumarin, isocoumarin,benzothiophene, carbazole, diphenylene oxide and diphenylene sulfide,nonaromatic or partially saturated ring systems such as decalin, andthree-dimensional structures such as α-pinene, camphene, bornylene,norbornane, norbornene, bicyclooctane and bicyclooctene.

A further example of suitable polar nitrogen compounds is that ofcondensates of long-chain primary or secondary amines with carboxylgroup-containing polymers.

The polar nitrogen compounds mentioned here are described in WO 00/44857and also in the references cited therein, which are fully incorporatedherein by way of reference.

Suitable polar nitrogen compounds are also described, for example, inDE-A-198 48 621 and DE-A-196 22 052 or EP-B 398 101, which areincorporated herein by way of reference.

Suitable sulfo carboxylic acids/sulfonic acids or their derivatives (e)are, for example, those of the general formula IV:

whereY is SO₃ ⁻(NR²⁵ ₃R²⁶)⁺, SO₃ ⁻(NHR²⁵ ₂R²⁶)⁺, SO₃ ⁻(NH₂R²⁵R²⁶), SO₃⁻(NH₃R²⁶) or SO₂NR²⁵R²⁶,X is Y, CONR²⁵R²⁷, CO₂ ⁻(NR²⁵ ₃R²⁷)⁺, CO₂ ⁻(NHR²⁵ ₂R²⁷)⁺, R²⁸—COOR²⁷,NR²⁵COR²⁷, R²⁸OR²⁷, R²⁸OCOR²⁷, R²⁸R²⁷, N(COR²⁵)R²⁷ or Z⁻(NR²⁵ ₃R²⁷),whereR²⁵ is a hydrocarbon radical,R²⁶ and R²⁷ are each alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or polyalkoxyalkyl having atleast 10 carbon atoms in the main chain,R²⁸ is C₂—C_(s)-alkylene,Z⁻ is one anion equivalent andA and B are each alkyl, alkenyl or two substituted hydrocarbon radicalsor, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, form anaromatic or cycloaliphatic ring system.

Such sulfo carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids and their derivatives aredescribed in EP-A-0 261 957, which is fully incorporated herein by wayof reference.

Suitable poly(meth)acrylic esters (f) are either homo- or copolymers ofacrylic and methacrylic esters. Preference is given to acrylic esterhomopolymers which derive from C₁—C₄₀ alcohols. Preference is given tocopolymers of at least two different (meth)acrylic esters which differin the esterified alcohol. Optionally, the copolymer contains anotherdifferent copolymerized olefinically unsaturated monomer. Theweight-average molecular weight of the polymer is preferably from 50 000to 500 000. A particularly preferred polymer is a copolymer ofmethacrylic acid and methacrylic esters of saturated C₁₄- andC₁₅-alcohols, in which the acid groups have been neutralized withhydrogenated tallamine. Suitable poly(meth)acrylic esters are described,for example, in WO 00/44857, which is fully incorporated herein by wayof reference.

e) Additive Packages

The present application finally provides an additive concentratecomprising an inventive polymer as defined above and at least onediluent, and also optionally at least one further additive, inparticular selected from the above coadditives.

Suitable diluents are, for example, the fractions resulting from crudeoil processing, such as kerosene, naphtha or brightstock. Also suitableare aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons and alkoxy alkanols. Diluentsused with preference in the case of middle distillates, in particular inthe case of diesel fuels and heating oils, are naphtha, kerosene, dieselfuels, aromatic hydrocarbons, such as Solvent Naphtha heavy, Solvesso®or Shellsol® and also mixtures of these solvents and diluents.

The inventive copolymer is present in the concentrates preferably in anamount of from 0.1 to 80% by weight, more preferably from 1 to 70% byweight and in particular from 20 to 60% by weight, based on the totalweight of the concentrate.

The invention will now be illustrated in detail with reference to thenonlimiting examples which follow.

EXAMPLES Preparative Examples 1 to 23

A total of 23 different inventive polymers were prepared byhigh-pressure polymerization of ethylene, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA)and vinyl acetate (VAC).

Table 1 compares the properties of the polymers used in the testexamples which follow.

The content of ethylene, EHA and VAC in the resulting polymers wasdetermined by NMR spectroscopy. The viscosities were determined toUbbelohde DIN 51562.

TABLE 1 Polymer E VAC EHA Viscosity No. [Mol %] [Mol %] [Mol %] [mm²/s]M_(n) M_(w) M_(w)/M_(n) 1 88.0 4.2 7.8 60 2088 4189 2.01 2 88.0 4.4 7.6150 2959 6666 2.25 3 88.1 4.4 7.5 605 4635 12811 2.76 4 86.6 3.9 9.5 602124 4285 2.02 5 86.4 4.3 9.3 150 3022 6754 2.23 6 86.4 4.1 9.5 595 479713238 2.76 7 83.8 4.1 12.1 60 2064 4280 2.07 8 83.2 4.4 12.4 150 29947203 2.41 9 83.1 4.4 12.5 600 4744 14503 3.06 10 80.2 4.5 15.3 150 30387279 2.40 11 80.4 4.1 15.5 600 4681 15697 3.35 12 89.6 8.0 2.4 60 19773910 1.98 13 89.8 7.9 2.3 150 2831 6212 2.19 14 89.2 8.2 2.6 605 386211098 2.87 15 89.8 8.4 4.8 60 1928 3902 2.02 16 86.5 8.4 5.1 150 29266337 2.17 17 86.3 8.5 5.2 620 4613 12019 2.61 18 84.2 8.1 7.7 60 20034025 2.01 19 83.1 8.7 8.2 150 2855 6382 2.24 20 84.3 8.0 7.7 615 485813061 2.69 21 81.1 7.9 11.0 60 2100 4276 2.04 22 80.8 8.0 11.2 150 28786634 2.31 23 81.1 7.6 11.3 630 4774 14263 2.99 E: ethylene EHA:2-ethylhexyl acrylate VAC: vinyl acetate

b) Test Examples 1 to 4

The polymers 1 to 23 prepared above were used to carry out theexperiments which follow. For comparative purposes, the followingconventional MDFIs were also tested:

-   Comparative product A: ethylene-vinyl acetate-based polymer mixture;    polymer content 60% (Keroflux 6100, BASF AG)-   Comparative product B: ethylene-vinyl acetate-based polymer; polymer    content 50% (Keroflux 6103, BASF AG)-   Comparative product C: ethylene terpolymer; polymer content 75%-   Comparative product D: ethylene-vinyl acetate-based polymer mixture;    60% polymer content

Conventional middle distillate fuels with the above inventive orconventional cold flow improvers were additized in different dosages andthe lower mixing temperature, the CP value (cloud point), the PP value(pour point) and the viscosity of the additives, and also the CFPP value(cold filter plugging point) of the additized fuels were determined. Thelower mixing temperature was determined to QSAA FKL 103; section 5.4.2(ARAL Research), the CP value to ASTM D 2500, the PP value of theadditives to ISO 3016, the viscosity of the additives to DIN 51512 andthe CFPP value to DIN EN 116.

Test Example 1 Lower Mixing Temperature

The lower mixing temperature in the middle distillate was investigatedby using 50% solutions of the polymers used in accordance with theinvention in Solvent Naphtha heavy. The lower mixing temperature is ofimportance especially for those refineries which mix the additivesunheated into fuel oils or mix additives into unheated fuel oils. Whenthe lower mixing temperature of the additive is high, the unheatedmixing may lead to filter problems.

Middle distillate used: diesel fuel, CP=−5° C., CFPP=−9° C., 25%n-paraffins, 90-20=70° C. Dosage of the additives: 500 ppm

TABLE 2 Additive Lower mixing temperature [° C.] no additive <10 PolymerNo. 1 10 Polymer No. 4 10 Polymer No. 7 10 Polymer No. 8 10 Polymer No.12 10 Polymer No. 13 10 Polymer No. 15 10 Polymer No. 16 10 Comparativeproduct A 20 Comparative product C 15 Comparative product D 35

As the above results show, the polymers used in accordance with theinvention in the 50% solution exhibit a distinctly lower mixingtemperature than the solution of the conventional additives.

Test Example 2 Pour Point (PP) of the Additives

The PP of the additives was determined to ISO 3016, by using 50%solutions of the polymers in Solvent Naphtha heavy. The pour point ofthe additives plays an important role for the handling when they aremixed into the fuel oil. A very low PP enables the convenient handlingof the additives even in the case of mixing at low temperatures andsaves heating costs for additive tanks.

TABLE 3 Additive PP [° C.] Polymer No. 2 6 Polymer No. 4 12 Polymer No.7 −36 Polymer No. 9 −6 Polymer No. 16 −6 Polymer No. 17 18 Polymer No.19 −18 Polymer No. 20 6 Comparative product A 21

As the above results show, the inventive additives in the 50% solutionhave a distinctly lower pour point than the solution of the conventionaladditive.

Test Example 3 Viscosity

The viscosity was determined at 50° C. to DIN 51512, by using 50%solutions of the polymers used in accordance with the invention inSolvent Naphtha. The viscosity of the additives is also important fortheir handling when they are mixed in at low temperatures.

TABLE 4 Additive η [mm²/s] Polymer No. 2 40 Polymer No. 7 18 Polymer No.12 27 Polymer No. 13 52 Polymer No. 16 40 Polymer No. 19 35 Comparativeproduct A 55

As the above results show, the additives used in accordance with theinvention in the 50% solution have a distinctly lower viscosity than thesolution of the conventional additive.

Test Example 4 Improvement in the Cold Flow Properties of MiddleDistillates Example a

Middle distillate used: LGO, The Netherlands, CP=1.7° C., CFPP=−1° C.,25% n-paraffins, 90-20=70° C.Dosage of the additives: 1500 ppm

TABLE 5 Additive CFPP [° C.] Polymer No. 2 −15 Polymer No. 3 −15 PolymerNo. 6 −15 Polymer No. 13 −14 Polymer No. 16 −13 Polymer No. 17 −16Comparative product A −7 Comparative product B −10 Comparative product C−6 Comparative product D −10

Example b

Middle distillate used: diesel, Belgium, CP=−17° C., CFPP=−19° C., 19%n-paraffins, 90-20=89° C.Dosage of the additives: 300 ppm

TABLE 6 Additive CFPP [° C.] Polymer No. 5 −25 Polymer No. 16 −25Comparative product A −23 Comparative product B −23 Comparative productC −24 Comparative product D −23

Example c

Middle distillate used: diesel fuel, Japan, CP=−3.6° C., CFPP=−5° C.,21% n-paraffins, 90-20=90° C.Dosage of the additives: 1500 ppm

TABLE 7 Additive CFPP [° C.] Polymer No. 6 −14 Polymer No. 16 −16Comparative product A −8 Comparative product B −6 Comparative product C−11 Comparative product D −14

Example d

Middle distillate used: diesel fuel, Germany, CP=−3.3° C., CFPP=−5° C.,18% n-paraffins, 90-20=101° C.Dosage of the additives: 150 ppm

TABLE 8 Additive CFPP [° C.] Polymer No. 3 −20 Polymer No. 12 −20Polymer No. 13 −20 Polymer No. 14 −21 Polymer No. 17 −20 Comparativeproduct A −16 Comparative product B −18 Comparative product C −18Comparative product D −18

Example e

Middle distillate used: LHO, Belgium, CP=0° C., CFPP=−1° C., 18%n-paraffins, 90-20=125° C.Dosage of the additives: 350 ppm

TABLE 9 Additive CFPP [° C.] Polymer No. 2 −19 Polymer No. 3 −19 PolymerNo. 6 −19 Polymer No. 16 −16 Polymer No. 17 −17 Polymer No. 20 −18Comparative product A −13 Comparative product B −13 Comparative productC −15 Comparative product D −13

Example f

Middle distillate used: diesel, The Netherlands, CP=−5° C., CFPP=−9° C.Dosage of the additives: 400 ppm

TABLE 10 Additive CFPP [° C.] Polymer No. 16 −21 Polymer No. 20 −21Comparative product A −18 Comparative product B −18 Comparative productC −19 Comparative product D −19

Example g

Middle distillate used: diesel, Poland, CP=−12° C., CFPP=−13° C., 12%n-paraffins, 90-20=73° C.Dosage of the additives: 600 ppm

TABLE 11 Additive CFPP [° C.] Polymer No. 2 −23 Polymer No. 15 −22Polymer No. 16 −24 Comparative product A −18 Comparative product B −17Comparative product C −21 Comparative product D −20

The test results compiled in Tables 5 to 11 demonstrate a surprisinglygood performance of the polymers used in accordance with the inventionas cold flow improvers in middle distillate fuel compositions. Theinventive additives thus make it possible firstly to set CFPP valuescomparable to those with conventional MDFIs, but at lower dosage, orimproved CFPP values at the same dosage.

As test examples 1 to 3 show, the polymers used in accordance with theinvention also enable better and more convenient handling, since theycan be mixed in at low temperatures and also have a lower viscosity anda lower pour point than conventional additives, so that they do not haveto be warmed up, or have to be warmed up to a lesser extent, before theyare mixed into the fuel oil.

1: A polymer, comprising, in copolymerized form: an α-olefin, a vinylester, and an ester of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, wherein thepolymer is suitable as an additive for a fuel oil, a lubricant, or anycombination thereof. 2: The polymer according to claim 1, wherein thevinyl ester and the ester of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid arecopolymerized in random distribution. 3: The polymer according to claim1, wherein the polymer comprises, in polymerized form, monomers M1, M2,and M3 of formulae:

R¹ is H or C₁-C₄₀-hydrocarbyl; R², R³, and R⁴ are each independently Hor C₁-C₄-alkyl; R⁵ is C₁-C₂₀-hydrocarbyl; R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are eachindependently H or C₁-C₄-alkyl; and R⁹ is C₁-C₂₀-hydrocarbyl. 4: Thepolymer according to claim 3, wherein a molar proportion of M1 is from0.60 to 0.98, a molar proportion of M2 is from 0.01 to 0.20; and a molarproportion of M3 is from 0.01 to 0.20. 5: The polymer according to claim3, wherein monomer M1 is ethylene. 6: The polymer according to claim 3,wherein R², R³, and R⁴ are each H, or two of R², R³, and R⁴ are each Hand the other is methyl. 7: The polymer according to claim 3, wherein R⁵is C₁-C₉-hydrocarbyl. 8: The polymer according to claim 7, wherein R⁵ isn-butyl or 2-ethylhexyl. 9: The polymer according to claim 6, wherein M2is n-butyl acrylate or 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. 10: The polymer accordingto claim 3, wherein M3 is vinyl acetate. 11: The polymer according toclaim 1, wherein the polymer is suitable as a cold flow improver. 12: Afuel oil composition, comprising: a major proportion by weight of amiddle distillate fuel having a boiling point of from 120 to 500° C.,and a small proportion by weight of the polymer of claim
 1. 13: The fueloil composition according to claim 12, wherein the middle distillatefuel comprises biodiesel from animal or vegetable production. 14: Thefuel oil composition according to claim 12, wherein the middledistillate fuel is a diesel fuel, kerosene, or heating oil. 15: The fueloil composition according to claim 14, wherein the wherein the middledistillate fuel is a diesel fuel is obtained by a process comprisingrefining, coal gasification or gas liquefaction, or is a mixture of suchproducts and is optionally mixed with renewable fuels. 16: The fuel oilcomposition according to claim 12, wherein a sulfur content of the fueloil composition is at most 500 ppm. 17: A lubricant composition,comprising: a major proportion by weight of a conventional lubricant,and a minor proportion by weight of the polymer of claim
 1. 18: Thepolymer according to claim 1, wherein the polymer is suitable forcombining with a further conventional cold flow improver, a furtherlubricant, a fuel oil additive, or any combination thereof. 19: Anadditive package, comprising: the polymer of claim 1, and a conventionallubricant or fuel oil additive.